The Identity Digital Inc. (“Identity Digital”) Shared Registration System (“SRS”) supports the creation of internationalized domain names (“IDNs”) that contain Unicode-supported, non-ASCII character sets.
Most domain names on the Internet are registered using ASCII characters (that is, A-Z, 0-9). However, words requiring diacritics (such as are encountered in German, Spanish, and French, for example) and words in other languages that use non-Latin scripts (such as Arabic and Chinese) cannot be displayed using ASCII. Millions of Internet users struggle with this inconvenience when navigating the Internet using non-native languages. IDNs address this frustration by enabling domain names in non-ASCII characters.
This policy for IDN registrations defines what IDNs can be supported and provides guidance on functional limitations of IDNs within the system of ICANN guidelines and other standards such as the Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (“IDNA”) specification and Internet Engineering Task Force (“IETF”) standards.
Identity Digital-operated registries (each, a “Registry”) are in compliance with all of the RFC documents that comprise IDNA 2008 (RFC 5890, RFC 5891, RFC 5892, RFC 5893, and RFC 5894) as well as with the rules that define Unicode points in IDN registrations. And each Identity Digital-operated registry is committed to following the IETF standards as well as to supporting and deploying the latest IDN functionality as soon as possible.
The Registry’s SRS enables the creation of IDNs that contain Unicode supported non-ASCII scripts. The Registry is devoted to promoting clarity and ease in the registration process for customers interested in pursuing IDN registrations. Sections that follow in this IDN Policy describe the various guidelines the Registry has developed to handle and facilitate critical aspects of IDN registrations, including character variants and their impact on a registration, prohibited domain names and restricted Unicode code points, and protected domain names. Supported character sets, the special cases of Chinese and German variants in particular, and IDN language tags are also discussed. Finally, the complete IDN tables for the four character sets supported by the Registry are provided below as an additional resource.
Each IDN must be associated with a specific language using a language tag. You must select a two-character language tag during the registration process. The language tag you supply for any IDN application is one determining factor whether the requested IDN is supported. A requested IDN must be comprised only of code points that are present in the character set associated with the Language tag. If an application for an IDN domain is submitted without a language tag, a validation error is returned; the Language tag is not optional. At the same time, not all character sets are supported. For more details, see Supported Character Sets.
All code points within an IDN must come from the same Unicode script. The Registry does not support comingling of code points from different Unicode scripts. This is done to prevent confusable code points from appearing in the same IDN. Unicode defines a set of Unicode Scripts by assigning each code point a unique Unicode script value.
See Supported Character Sets for more information on which Unicode scripts are supported for each TLD offered by The Registry.
Supported characters sets for the TLDs offered by The Registry are determined on a per TLD basis. When an IDN registration is requested, the language tag provided by the registrar is checked against the list of languages supported by the Registry and the character-inclusion and character-variant IDN tables associated with a language. The Unicode points that comprise a registration are checked against these IDN tables to determine whether the registration is valid for a specific language. If a registration is not valid for one language, the necessary character set might still be achievable using a different language tag. The Registry is dedicated to working with applicants in achieving a solution to each IDN registration whenever possible. Please refer to the IDN tables linked at the bottom of this site for complete information on character set support for specific languages.
Handling character variants is an essential aspect of the Registry’s IDN policy and infrastructure. The following sections describe in detail how Chinese and German character variants are handled by the Registry. Other languages supported by the Registry do not impose any registration limitations.
Some Chinese and Japanese characters use different visual representations (variants) of the same character. The tables in the preceding section assumes that when one variant of a Chinese or Japanese character is registered, then other variants are blocked in that language. According to the ICANN application, in order to mitigate issues that may arise due to Chinese or Japanese variant characters, the registry will allow only a single Chinese label or Japanese label to be registered out of the set of all variant labels in the applicable language that are equivalent to it, according to the defined preferred and other variants.
The Registry will ensure effective availability check for such domain registrations, checking any proposed Chinese TLD against a canonical form of the domain name. Canonical forms of existing domain names will be stored in The Registry’s database in order to facilitate lookups.
One character in the German character table and Latin script table — the Ezset character (ß) — is handled inconsistently in specifications spanning IDNA 2003 and IDNA 2008. Under IDNA 2003, the Ezset character was converted into the string “ss”. Currently, however, it is properly encoded in punycode under IDNA 2008. The Registry supports proper punycode encoding of the Ezset character as per IDNA 2008 specifications.
ICANN’s Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names lists certain characters that are not allowed in any IDN registration. For a complete listing of restricted Unicode code points for IDN, refer to Appendix B of RFC 5892, The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications.
Scripts or characters added in Unicode versions newer than 3.2 (on which IDNA 2003 was based) may encounter interoperability issues due to the lack of software support and the Registry does not currently plan to offer registration of labels containing such scripts or characters.
There are two Unicode characters the newest encoding of which are not backward compatible with earlier versions of the IDNA specification. These are Latin Sharp S and Greek Final Sigma. These characters were previously mapped to alternate characters. The latest version of the IDNA standard does not apply this mapping and allows registries to support these two characters.
The Registry does not prohibit any specific Unicode string or sequences of Unicode characters in the registration of IDN domain names. Some IDN domain names may be reserved as specified by ICANN. Availability checks for any reserved name will return a value of “Reserved.”
The Registry does not support registration of IDNs that are not supported by one of the specific IDN character set tables published at IANA. Additionally, the IDNA2008 Specification defines rules and algorithms that prohibit certain Unicode points in IDN registrations. The Registry is in compliance with all of the documents that comprise the IDNA2008 standard.
IDN tables in use by the Registry may be found at http://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables.
Additional information can be found at https://donuts.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000146586-IDN-TABLES.
Last Updated: May 14, 2025
This Privacy Policy describes how Identity Digital Inc. and our subsidiaries and affiliated companies (collectively, “Identity Digital,” “we,” or “us”) collect, use, disclose, and otherwise process information about you if you:
This Privacy Policy does not apply in all circumstances. For example, Identity Digital may operate as a “data processor” for certain third-party registry operators. In those instances, we handle domain name registrant personal information on behalf of such registry operators, subject to the terms of our agreements with them. Please carefully review the terms associated with registry operators you work with. In addition, Identity Digital may also provide different or additional notices of our privacy practices for certain offerings, in which case those notices will supplement or replace the disclosures in this Privacy Policy.
We may change this Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make changes, we will notify you by revising the date at the top of this policy. If we make material changes, we will provide you with additional notice (such as by notifying your registrar, adding a statement to our Websites, or sending you a notification). We encourage you to review this Privacy Policy regularly to stay informed about our information practices and the choices available to you.
The information we collect about you depends on which Products you use and how you use our Websites or otherwise interact with us. In this section, we describe the categories of information we collect and the sources of this information.
We collect information you provide directly to us. For example, we collect information directly from you when you fill out a form on one of our Websites, create an account with us, request customer support, connect with us via email, or otherwise communicate with us. The types of information that we collect directly from you include your name, email address, postal address, phone number, and any other information you choose to provide. If you are a registrar or other party making a payment to us, we work with a third-party payment processor to process your payment information.
We automatically collect information about your interactions with us, including:
We obtain information from other sources. For example, you may purchase one of our registration products from your registrar, in which case they may provide us with certain information including your registrant name, organization, address, email, fax, phone number, and contact information for various stakeholders, including administrative, technical, and billing contacts. We may also collect information from entities that gather and license business contact information, industry partners, and advertising networks.
We may derive information or draw inferences about you based on the information we collect. For example, if you use our Domain Engine Product or visit our Websites, we may make inferences about your approximate location based on your IP address.
We use the information we collect in the following ways:
We engage others to provide analytics services, advertise Identity Digital and our Products to you on third-party sites and services, and perform related services across the web and in mobile applications. To do this, Identity Digital and these partners may use cookies, web beacons pixels, SDKs, and similar technologies to collect information about your use of our Websites and third-party services, including your device identifiers, IP address, web browser and mobile network information, pages viewed, time spent on pages or in mobile apps, links clicked, and conversion information. This information is used to deliver advertising targeted to you on other companies’ websites and mobile apps, understand the effectiveness of this advertising, analyze and track data, and better understand your activity. When you arrive on our site, you will be presented with consent options upon arriving at our websites and can subsequently change those choices using the “Your Privacy Choices” link. Your choice will be linked to your browser only; therefore, you will need to renew your selections if you visit our website from a new device or browser, or if you clear your browser’s cookies.
In addition to ad targeting activities that rely on cookies and similar technologies, we work with advertising partners to translate other identifiers, such as your email address or phone number, into a unique identifier (called a hashed value) that such partners can then use to show ads that are more relevant to you across the web and in mobile apps. You may opt out of these disclosures by contacting us at privacy@identity.digital.
The activities described in this section may constitute “sharing,” or “selling” under the California Consumer Privacy Act. See the Additional Information for California Residents section below for details.
You can also learn more about interest-based ads, or opt out of having your web browsing information used for behavioral advertising purposes by companies that participate in the Digital Advertising Alliance, by visiting www.aboutads.info/choices or www.youronlinechoices.eu (if you reside in Europe) or https://youradchoices.ca (if you reside in Canada). Your device may also include a feature that allows you to opt out of having certain information collected through mobile apps used for behavioral advertising purposes.
We disclose information about you as described in the Targeted Advertising and Analytics section above and in the following scenarios:
We also disclose aggregated or de-identified information that cannot reasonably be used to identify you. We maintain and use this information only in a de-identified fashion and will not attempt to re-identify such information, except as permitted by law.
You can update certain information stored within your account with us at any time by logging in and navigating to the settings menu.
Identity Digital uses cookies and similar tracking technologies on our Websites, as described above. You can usually adjust your browser settings to remove or reject browser cookies. In addition, if you are in the United States, you may opt out of cookie-based ad targeting on our website by clicking the link titled “Your Privacy Choices ” on the footer of our Websites. If you are outside of the United States, you will be presented with consent options upon arriving at our Websites and can subsequently change those choices using the “Cookies Settings” link.
You may opt out of receiving promotional emails from us by following the instructions in those communications. If you opt out, we may still send you non-promotional emails, such as those about your orders with us or our ongoing business relationship. Depending upon where you live, we may only send you promotional emails where we have your consent to do so.
California has enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which grants California residents certain rights and requires specific disclosures. If you reside in California, this section applies to you and also serves as our California notice at collection.
In the preceding sections, we explain how we collect, use, and disclose information about you, as well as our targeted advertising and analytics practices. As required by the CCPA, we use the tables below to explain this same information.
Use and Disclosure of Personal Information for Business Purposes
We do not collect information that is deemed “sensitive” under the CCPA.
As described in the Collection of Information section above, we collect personal information from various sources, including directly from you, automatically when you access or use our Websites or Domain Engine Product, from registrars and from other third-party sources.
We retain personal information for as long as necessary to carry out the purposes for which we originally collected it and for other purposes described in this Privacy Policy.
Sales and Sharing Activities
We also disclose certain categories of personal information to show you targeted ads on third-party properties and for related purposes. These disclosures may be considered “sales” or “sharing” under the CCPA, and the table below provides more information about our practices.
We do not engage in sales, sharing, or targeted advertising using personal information about consumers we know to be under the age of 18.
Opt Out of Sales and Sharing
You may opt out of activities that we engage in that constitute “sharing” or “sales” of personal information under the CCPA by:
If you reside in California, you can also opt out by visiting our website with a legally recognized universal opt-out signal enabled, such as the Global Privacy Control.
Access, Correction, and Deletion
If you are a California resident, you have the right to (1) request to know more about and access your personal information, including in a portable format, (2) request deletion of your personal information, and (3) request correction of inaccurate personal information.
To request access, correction, or deletion of your personal information, please contact us at privacy@identity.digital. To authenticate your request, we may ask you to provide some additional information, such as about previous interactions with us.
Nondiscrimination
You have the right not to be discriminated against for exercising any of your privacy rights.
Authorized Agents
You may also designate an authorized agent to submit rights requests on your behalf. For access, correction, or deletion requests, we may ask authorized agents to submit proof of their authority to make a request, such as a valid power of attorney or proof that they have signed permission from the consumer who is the subject of the request. In some cases, we may contact the individual who is the subject of the request to verify their own identity or confirm the authorized agent has permission to submit the request. If you are an authorized agent seeking to make a rights request on behalf of a California resident, please email us at privacy@identity.digital.
Identity Digital is based in the United States, and we and our service providers process and store personal information on servers located in the United States and other countries. Whenever we make restricted international transfers of personal information, we take steps to ensure that your personal information receives an adequate level of protection (by putting in place appropriate safeguards, such as contractual clauses) or ensure that we can rely on an appropriate derogation under data protection laws. Where relevant, you may request access to any safeguard which we use to transfer your personal information outside of the European Economic Area, the United Kingdom, or Switzerland (although we may need to redact data transfer agreements for confidentiality reasons).
For personal information about EEA, Swiss, and UK individuals, Identity Digital complies with the EU-U.S. and Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Frameworks and the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (collectively, the “Frameworks”), each as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce. As described in our Frameworks certification, Identity Digital has certified that it adheres to the Frameworks Principles with regard to the processing of personal information received from the EEA, Switzerland, and the UK in reliance on the Frameworks. In accordance with the Frameworks, we remain responsible under the Onward Transfer Principle for personal information that we disclose to third parties for processing on our behalf. To learn more about the Frameworks or to view our certification, please visit the Frameworks website. The Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over Identity Digital’s compliance with the Frameworks.
Identity Digital commits to resolve Frameworks Principles-related inquiries and complaints about our processing of personal data under the Frameworks. Individuals located in the EEA, UK, and Switzerland can contact us with inquiries or complaints at privacy@identity.digital. If we are unable to resolve the complaint, such individuals may refer the complaint to your local data protection authority, and we will work with them to resolve the issue. Contact details for the relevant data protection authorities can be found using the links below:
In certain circumstances, the DPF provides the right to invoke binding arbitration to resolve complaints not resolved by other means, as described in Annex I to the Framework Principles.
The following US-based Identity Digital affiliates adhere to the Frameworks: Afilias Inc.; Afilias USA, Inc.; Binky Moon, LLC; Covered TLD, LLC.; Dog Beach, LLC; Domain Protection Services, Inc.; Domainsite, Inc.; Dozen Donuts, LLC; DTLD Holdings, LLC; DTLD Parent, Inc.; Identity Digital Capital LLC; Identity Digital Inc.; Identity Digital Ventures LLC; Monolith Registry, LLC; Name.com, Inc.; Name.net, Inc.; Name105, Inc.; Name106, Inc.; Name117, Inc.; Nametrust, LLC; Ruby Glen, LLC; Spring McCook, LLC.
The Identity Digital family of companies also includes the following non-U.S. based companies: Afilias (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd.; Afilias India Pvt. Ltd.; Afilias Resolution Services Ltd.; Capable Network Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.; Domain Registry Services Ltd.; doMEn d.o.o.; Donuts (HK) Limited; Dot Global Domain Registry Ltd.; Global Website Asia Ltd.; Global Website TLD Asia Ltd; HOTEL Top-Level-Domain S.a.r.l.; Identity Digital Australia Pty Ltd.; Identity Digital Canada Corp.; Identity Digital Domains Ltd.; Identity Digital Holdings Ltd.; Identity Digital Limited; and Internet Computer Bureau Ltd..
If you are located in Europe or another jurisdiction that requires a lawful basis for processing personal information, please note that when we process your personal data as described in this Privacy Policy, we do so in reliance on the following lawful bases:
If you are located in Europe or another jurisdiction that grants you data subject rights, you have the right to (1) access your personal data, including in a portable format, (2) request erasure of your personal data, and (3) request correction of inaccurate personal data. In addition, you may have the right to object to certain processing or request we restrict certain processing. To exercise any of these rights, please email us at privacy@identity.digital.
If you have a concern about our processing of personal data, we encourage you to contact us in the first instance. However, if we are not able to resolve it, you may have the right to lodge a complaint with the Data Protection Authority where you reside (if you live in the EEA, UK, or Switzerland, see links in the International Data Transfers section for contact information).
If you are a Canadian resident, this section applies to you.
By submitting personal information to Identity Digital, our service providers, or our agents, you consent to the collection, use, disclosure, and transfer of your personal information in accordance with this Privacy Policy and as permitted or required by law.
You may withdraw your consent at any time to the collection, use, disclosure, or transfer of your personal information by contacting Identity Digital as set forth in the Contact Us section below. If you withdraw your consent (or if you decide not to provide certain personal information), you acknowledge that Identity Digital may not be able to provide you, or continue to provide you, with certain products, services, or information that may be of value to you.
Identity Digital will only send you commercial electronic messages (“CEMs”) where we have your express or implied consent to do so. Your consent to receive CEMs is implied where we have an existing business relationship with you, or you have reached out to us and made an inquiry within a certain time frame. You may unsubscribe from receiving CEMs at any time, by clicking the unsubscribe button on an email. If you opt out, we may still send you non-promotional messages, such as those about your account or our ongoing business relations.
If you have questions about this Privacy Policy, please contact us at privacy@identity.digital.